#source/youtube#human-behaviorism#robert-sapolsky
nde ethology ada neuroethology, yaitu ada stimulus, tros something is happening inside the blackbox, tros keluar lah output.
this lecture bakal mbahas what happen inside the blackbox.
nervous system
dibedakan jadi dua, central nervous system, and peripheral nervous system
central nervous system
dibedakan menjadi dua, brain and spinal cord
brain
ada akeh bagian e, frontal cortex misal. masing-masing bagian punya tugas dewe(anggep ae tugas dominan, mungkin cara mereka tau e itu eksperimen org gapunya bagian tertentu otak e, trus ability apa yang hilang)
brain stem, regulate what goes through dari spinal cord.
cerebellum, tentang motor movement, iki buat belajar motor stuff kek naik sepeda ato apa.
sisae itu wrinkel stuff iku disebut cortex, tros dibagi jadi 4. different lobe for different function
- frontal lobe, control movement, plan action. kek gerakno tangan kaki. different part of frontal lobe buat different part of body
- parietal lobe, senses sensory dari luar badan. different part for different lokasi. ukuran pisan.
- temporal lobe, buat mendengar, also buat memory formation
- occipital lobe, visual information.
different part different function different size sounds to good to be true but yeh :v
other part in brain
lymbic system. between cortex and brain stem
control emotion, learning, memory. yg penting buat hewan. 2 seng sering dibahas,
- hippocampus, means sea horse(even though it doesn’t) buat forming new memory. (how do they find out? search “patient HM”.
- amygdala. fear and anxiety
hypothalamus. 4F, fight, flight, feeding, fuck
pituitary gland. hormone central, the one that relesease many hormones.
spinal cord
ngambil sensory input dari badan dan ke badan. ada yang naik ada yang turun.
ada yg send up, ada yang send down
peripheral nervous system
all motor and sensory nerves selain central nervous system. bener2 sisa e lah.
cell type
glia.
iki kek 90% cell nde central nervous system.
glia means glue. dulu kita gk bener2 tau, jdi dikasi nama glia. sekarang udah tau, dan ini list e
- astrocytes, star shapped. supply nutrient and help regulate
- schwan cell. iki cell seng mbikin myelin(yg mbungkus axon ben firing e lebih cepet)
- micro glia. brain’s immune system.
how does neuron works?
penjelasan dikit tentang structure
- cell body - disebut pisan soma.
- axon iku seng panjang, nek seng pojok kiri iku axon hillock, pojok kanan itu axon terminal
tugas axon hillock, decide whether the information the nervous get is worth firing or not.
perjalanan sebuah perintah
dendrites, cell body, axon hillock, decide fire or not, tros ke axon and axon terminal.
💡 penting ae, neuron/nervous cell iku gk analog. dee digital, jadi gk ada continuous stream between on and off, tapi mek ada dua state, on or off.
resting neuron
resting nueron iku brarti dee gk fire, terjadi nek dalem neuron e negatif, luar e positif. they do this by having a pump, gae pump out positive ion keluar.
ngene langkah e.
- terminal sebelum e release neurotransmitter, basiclly chemical shit lah. mirip hormone, tapi iki mek gae neuron. jadi tujuan e dee yo gae message, gae mengirim pesan, perintah.
- neurotransmitter bind ke dendrites. iku gambare tak kasi kek ada item2 dua biji
- akibat dari bind ke neurotransmitter, dendrite e open channel, jadi ion positif e iso masuk.
if there’s enough positive ion nde axon hillock, it will fire.
firing mechanism (called action potential)
those positive ion nde axon hillock —>cause channel kebuka nde situ —> cause more positive ion masuk —> cause more channel to open —> cause more positive ion masuk —> dst
sampe akhire sampek nde terminal
if positive ion masuk nde terminal, akhire terminal send chemical message ato release neurotransmitter
more about synapse
what is synapse? it’s the place where neuron talk to other neuron. synapse yo isa berarti ‘the connection between two neuron’, yo ancen lebih abstract. nek manusia yo koyok ‘relasi antara manusia’ ngono. aku jek gk iso ngevisualisasikno
neurotransmitter
what makes a neurotransmitter a neurotransmitter?
- dee harus localized nde terminal, gaboleh kek floating around nde tempat laen
- the releasee of it harus disebabkan oleh action potential
- harus punya efek, mbikin post synaptic e lebih gk polarized, mbikin ion positif masuk ke post synaptic neuron.
why don’t we need million of neurotransmitter for each neuron?
ide ne itu, brain ke compartmentalized, jadi secara fisik mereka itu beneran beda lokasi. jadi nek kon punya satu neurotransmitter on this part of the brain, mreka isa punya efek laen nde other side of the brain. current estimate, kita butuh ratusan neurotransmitter.
contoh2 neurotransmitter
dopamine
epinephrine ato adrenaline (secara fisik mirip norepinephrine dan isa dengan cukup mudah diubah menjadi laine, kek epinephrine gampang diubah menjadi norephinephrine, dan sebalik e)
seratonine
GABA, most common inhibitory neurotransmitter
glutamate, most common exhibitory neurotransmitter
strengthening the synapse
nek neuron ke fire, tros this firing induce the release of activation factor, tros isa ae menyebabkan pembuatan receptor ato channel, kon isa mbikin synapse lebih responsive with the same amount of neurotransmitter
neuromuscullar
tentang how neuron tell a muscle to fire.
pake neurotransmitter acetylcoline biasane(ato satu2 ne?), tros this neurotransmitter bind ke muscle e and trigger contraction.
what to do with used up neurotransmitter?
abis mereka bind ke post synaptic neuron, tros gimana? kan gabisa kita diemin di synapse, nti ngebind lagi tros nge trigger channel teros2 an.
- reuptake. kita isa masukin neurotransmitter e lagi ke pre synaptic neuron.
- degrade. product seng wes ke degrade iku biasange linger around nde cerebral spinal fluid, blood ato urine.
neuropharmatology
tentang we, human, manipulating neuron. tentang campur tangan kita dalam neuron doing it’s job
contohe halusinogen kek LSD. dee kerja e itu dengan cara ‘pura2 jadi neurotransmitter’ akhire dee caused neuron e ketrigger.
man, seng ngajar arek undergradute e iki so boring.