#source/youtube#human-behaviorism#robert-sapolsky
memory and plasticity
how we make memory?
cool case
stephen wiltshire. autistic savant seng iso ngegambar dengan sangat persis dari memory
memory happens in synapse, this is our best guest
idene yaitu memory dibentuk dengan cara ngubah something in the synapse.
💡 bukan dengan membuat new synapse atau dengan membuat new dendrite, ato new neuron. tapi dengan ngubah something di synapse e.
remember, this is our best guess for now, dan sangat mungkin untuk ganti di masa depan.
how do we ngubah something in synapse?
- mbikin pre synapse e release more
- mbikin post synapse e punya lebih banyak channel ato receptor
- mbikin receptor lebih sensitif
we call this changes Long Term Potentiation
LTP, long term potentiation. tentang ‘make the most out of a neuron’, mbikin mreka lebih sensitive given the same amount of neurotransmitter(potentiate), and ini bakal ngefek jangka panjang, makae namae long-term.
💡 LTP is a proses ‘penguatan kemampuan merespon neurotransmitter sebuah neuron yang berakibat jangka panjang’.
tindak lanjut setelah menjadi lebih sensitif
when the post synaptic mengalami LTP, mbikin mreka lebih kuat ato lebih sensitive, it tells the pre synaptic neuron ‘hey, aku sekarang lebih sensitive, mungkin kon mo ngatur berapa banyak neurotransmitter seng mbo release’. cara ngasih tau e adalah dengan weirdly ngirim gas called retrograde neurotransmitter (aku gk ngerti kenapa dikasih nama gini). that gas diffuse into the pre synaptic cell, and modulate how much neurotransmitter yang akan di release.
- fun fact
baru tau ada yang namae nitrous oxide dipake waktu nde dentist. iki ben patient e tenang and gk anxious. tros ada seng tulisane ‘patient bahkan isa report that they feel good, gk anxious dkk’, damn what a powerful stuff. - question nde otakku dewe
btw do our brain already have the connection buat kabeh stuff? jadi kita bukan membuat dendrite baru, tapi yang kita lakuin adalah menjadikan suatu synapse lebih sensitive?
the one neurotransmitter seng perlu mo ketahui,
glutamate. it’s the most abundant one. paleng akeh. ini neurotransmitter exhibitory (trigger terbukanya suatu channel) seng paling akeh
where does LTP terjadi?
hippocampus, the brain site ttg memory. setidak e memory seng bkn motor, memori seng kek nginget stuff tros tak omongno pake mulut. (soale aslie LTP happens everywhere)
there are ways to disrupt terlaksananya LTP
contoh,
- hypoglycemic, yaitu pas kon luaper.
- ethanol, alcohol direcly disrupt LTP.
tentang neuron dengan jumlah lebih dari satu
sekarang kita lihat sebuah problem seng isa muncul nde neuron dengan jumlah besar, noise. constant firing of the neuron, padahal gk onok seng penting
how to mengobati noise?
- inhibit diri sendiri. aku sebagai neuron iso decide ‘man i’ve fire so many signal, i think many of it is not important. im going to be more selective whether i should fire or not.’ so that aku isa ngomong ke post synaptic, ‘this is my signal and i really meant it, it’s meaningful.’
- inhibit it’s surrounding. ‘kalo aku ngesend signal, ignore what my neighbours are saying.’
contoh yang cukup keren. nek kita ngerasain rasa sakit, kita punya 2 macem neuron seng send signal ke otak. satu seng cepet sharp pain, satu seng slow dull consistant pain. this is how they work, the first pain is fast and it will trigger the slow pain. and after the the slow pain iku sampek, it will inhibit the fast pain.
the fast pain will tell you to ‘man focus on that, i think you step on something sharp’ tros the slow pain is like ‘i want you to be cautious so the next time you walk, you won’t step on that kind of thing again.’ keren.
mosquito bite. kon isa nggaruk disekitar e and it will lessen the bite pain.
- quote menarik ae meskipun gada hubungane
take what you know from this lecture and then manipulate other, that’s what education is.
lecture e lanjut njelasin ttg ‘how memory in relation to network of neuron’ and i don’t really understand it :v
kurleb ini seng aku dapet,
perubahan cara single neuron berkomunikasi dengan sekitar e, kalo di gedein skala e, jadi kek million neuron, jadi banyak kombinasi baru seng isa dibentuk. that’s how memory is form.
autonomic nervous system
iki tentang seng automatic stuff, kek heart beating, goosebump, orgasm. stuff seng gk isa kita regulate secara sadar.
dimana lokasi ANS terhadap nervous system laine seng wes dibahas?
this is where ANS sits
new terms dikit, somatic - seng kek secara sadar, we can experience this.
perbandingan ANS dengan VNS
ANS secara broad dibagi jadi dua,
-
sympathetic
iki seng fight of flight, seng semangat
efek kalo sympathetic e lgi ke trigger
-
parasympathetic
iki seng kalem
gambaran singkat perbedaan SANS dengan PANS
Perbadaan SANS dengan PANS
tentang neurotransmitter
kalo sympathetic,
release NE, norepinephrine. kecuali nde adrenal, kalo nde adrenal itu yang keluar ephinephrine aka adrenaline, tapi gk jauh beda. iki di sampek ke organ2, dan organ2 merespon beda2. digestive e cenderung melambat, tros otot2 an menegang, loosely speaking
paraymphatetic
release ACh, acetylcholine.
karena ada dua macem neurotransmitter, jadi
ada dua receptor
kita punya 2 receptor nde dendrit e neuron. satu gae ACh, satu gae NE. satue berperan sebagai inhibit, jadi kalo nge bind, close the channel, satue lagi jadi exhibit, kalo ngebind, open the channel. tergantung organ e pisan.
nek jantung yo cenderung sympathetic(punya NE receptor seng nge exhibit, ACh receptor seng nge inhibit),
kalo usus yo kebalikan e, parasympathetic.
contoh receptor dua neurotransmitter di organ yang berbeda
seng nge regulate ngenean(when to parasympathetic, when to sympathetic)
adalaah hypothalamus
cool stuff
our cortex iku ngefek ke hypothalamus. jadi just by thinking, isa mbikin kita jadi tegang, or jadi tenang. benere gk mek hyphotalamus seng terpengaruh, tapi juga limbic system
this 3 amazing thing is called triune system of the brain
- cortex in primate mostly
- limbic system mostly mamals
- hypothalamus
- cool fact
overly activated sympathetic nervous system looks like deppression. keren.
plasticity of autonomic nervous system
mreka bisa berubaah. contoh
- kalo kon sering release NE, more enzyme bakal ke trigger to make more NE, akhire jadi makin sering sympathetic.
- kalo NE ke trigger but not much is happening, contoh kon ngeliat spider ato kecoak, tros the second time, still not much, third time dkk. akhire NE seng ke release makin cilik. kon makin lama makin masa bodo.