#source/youtube#human-behaviorism#robert-sapolsky
lecture ini tentang the depth of neurology sama endocrinology, hal2 apa ae seng add complexity.
in neurology, you will hear dale
dale idea
dales second principle, each neuron has only one type of neurotransmitter
💡 but it’s wrong. satu neuron punya lebih dari satu neurotransmitter yg di produksi nde terminal, bahkan isa sampe 1 vesicle, isa ada 3 macem neurotransmitter.
they have macem2 struktur, macem2 efek, macem2 fungsi. ada yg efek e lama, ada yg efek e cepet.
💡 gluccocorticoid is the best hormone kata dr sapolsky. so we will hear it a lot
many trigger for one job
ada banyak seng isa release ACTH. inget seng dri endocrinology, nek hipothalamus release CRH, tros iki ke anterior pituitary, tros dee release ACTH ke seluruh badan sampe ke adrenal cortex tros release cortisol.
but turns out, bukan cuman CRH seng isa trigger release dari ACTH. isa ada epineprine, norephinerprine, oxytocin dkk. ada macem2 seng isa trigger, tros gae opo?
buat menghasilkan profile produksi ACTH seng berbeda2. misal ACTH e burst cuman bentar, ato isa dikit tapi lama. different configuration dari trigger seng diberikan oleh hypothalamus menghasilkan different profile of ACTH secression
isa juga di inhibit. misal ada neuron seng release ke ant pituitary nek kon mo turu dengan tujuan isa nge inhibit ACTH(yo masuk akal, ben gk setres waktu turu)
dales first principle,
💡 axon hillock nek ke trigger, bakal nge trigger semua axon terminal(the same neurotransmitter di semua terminal)
but,
you can get blockade nde beberapa terminal e.
equivalen nde endocrinology,
nde ant put(anterior pituitary, ben gk usah nulis akeh2), ada macem2 hormone seng isa di release.
masing2 cell itu di spesialisasi buat release one type of hormone.
cell ini tersebar e nyampur, bkn kek section an nde pituitary e.
cell ini bisa punya sekeliling yg berbeda, tros beda neighbourhood menyebabkan dee menghasilkan hormone dengan jumlah yg berbeda.
negative feedback
kalo aku ngeproduksi A, aku harus isa ngedeteksi jumlah A pisan. ben iso tak regulate, if i need more to release or less.
auto receptor
💡 the neuron that release A neurotransmitter, bisa ngedeteksi A pisan. so ada kek law, ‘nek aku ngedetek 10 per menit, brarti aku kurang banyak ngehasilin e’ trus dihasilin lebih.
di endocrine ada pisan.
we need to have part of brain seng sensitive terhadap suatu hormone.
generally, semakin banyak suatu hal seng diharapkan ada di darah, semakin dikit neurotransmitter/hormone seng di release oleh hypothalamus.
seng dibaca bkn cuman ‘amount of stuff in blood’ tpi isa juga ‘rate of change of the amound in blood’
auto regulation
‘if somebody scream at you all the time, you’ll stop listening to them’
💡 changing the amount of receptor tergantung the amount of hormone or neurotransmitter nde blood stream.
things get fascinating when things go wrong,
if we don’t compensate enough, if we overshoot.
antidepressan shit itu mainnya disini.
contoh di endocrine
adult onsen diabetes, pankreas detect glucose level, release insulin, tell you fat cell to store it away. tros fat cell mu wes penuh(kegendutan), mereka gk dengerno insulin, akhire jdi insulin resistant.
tros pankreas e ‘shit we need to release more insulin’, while fat cell e ‘we need to cut down receptor e’. jesus that is bad.
you burn out the pankreas cell that produce insulin, otw diabetes.
‘hypothalamic signal’
💡 ligan : whatever the receptor normaly bind. misal neurotransmitter, misal hormone.
complexity in receptor
mereka isa dibikin dari lebih dari satu protein, dan masing2 protein isa punya macem2 variasi, jadi ya tinggal mbo kombinasiin macem2 ae dan jadilah macem2 receptor
another level of complexity, one protein can be made by different gene. jdi ya mbo kombinasiin lgi ae.
lots of regulation(regulation means semacam things to diatur)
cell type specific coding.
receptor dari steroid hormone isa punya cofactor seng berbeda2 untuk macem2 sel.
intie ‘another layer of complexity, more things to regulate’
💡 a receptor can bind to many ligan
contoh, gaba, main inhbitory brain.
gaba receptor can bind with other ligan. dee punya many receptor.
- dee isa nerima drug barbituates.
- benzodiazapine ya bisa disini.
they both increase the power of gaba signaling, tpi yg benzodiazapine lebih cupu. - isa nerima derivative e progesterone(steroid hormone). it also potentiate the effect of gaba(mbikin tambah kuat lah)
ini semua buat anestesi btw.
axo axonic synapse
ilustrasi inhibiting yg dilakukan oleh neuron seng terjadi e bkn nde dendrit, tapi nde axon e
sebuah axon terminal gk harus nempel nde dentrit, isa pisan nempel nde axon. why?
bisa buat nge inhibit.
misal axon hillock ke trigger, lgi ion chain ke terminal, tros sebelum sampe terminal, di inhibit oleh neuron laen.
this means, the inhibitory baru isa jalan nek axon hillock e seng di exicitori iku ke trigger.
ini terjadi pisan nde hypothalamic signal. jdi ada seng nge regulate, let’s say ACTH, tpi in itself gaisa ngeproduksi ACTH. yg isa misal CRH, jdi signal2 laen ini gunae nge potentiate that CRH effect.
ilustrasi hypothalamic sygnaling seng control the ‘sensitivity’ e, seng mbikin the real trigger look bigger.